Electric Vehicle Charging and its Effects on the Power Distribution Network – A Review

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##

Published Sep 24, 2024
https://doi.org/10.33686/pwj.v20i1.1170
Download
PDF
Statistic

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...
Volume 20, Issue 1, June 2024

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Tulika Bhattacharjee
Central Power Research Institute, Professor Sir C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka
M. Rajeshwari
Central Power Research Institute, Professor Sir C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka
K. Jeykishan Kumar
Central Power Research Institute, Professor Sir C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka

Abstract

The worldwide transition to e-mobility is a welcome step towards ensuring a greener planet. Countries across the world are planning to adopt Electric Vehicles (EVs) in a big way which calls for an increased number of charging stations. EV chargers, which are non-linear loads will impact the power quality of the system when connected to the distribution network leading to harmonics, frequency deviation, voltage unbalance, voltage fluctuation etc. Therefore, studies need to be carried out to analyse the effect of EV charging on the distribution system and to recommend possible remedial measures. This paper aims to review the research carried out on the analysis of the impact of EV charging on the distribution network.

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

How to Cite
Bhattacharjee, T., Rajeshwari, M., & Kumar, K. J. (2024). Electric Vehicle Charging and its Effects on the Power Distribution Network – A Review. Power Research - A Journal of CPRI, 20(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.33686/pwj.v20i1.1170
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Dugan RC, Mark F. McGranaghan, Santoso S, Beaty HW. Electrical power systems quality. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN: 978-0-07-176156-7.
  2. Negarestani S, Ghahnavieh AR, Mobarakeh AS. A study of the reliability of various types of electric vehicles. IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference; 2012. https:// doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2012.6183250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEVC.2012.6183250
  3. Lulhe AM, Date TN. A technology review paper for drives used in electrical vehicle (EV) and hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV). International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT); 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ICCICCT.2015.7475355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCICCT.2015.7475355
  4. Zakaria H, Hamid M, Marjani Abdellatif EL, Imane A. Recent advancements and developments for electric vehicle technology. International Conference of Computer Science and Renewable Energies (ICCSRE); 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSRE.2019.8807726 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSRE.2019.8807726
  5. Standards and Specifications. Available from: www.e-amrit.niti.gov.in, https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/standards-and-specifications
  6. Gong X, Rangaraju J. Taking charge of electric vehicles in the vehicle and on the grid. Available from: www.ti.com. https://www.ti.com/lit/wp/szzy007a/szzy007a.pdf?ts=1687942805247&ref_ url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F
  7. Elyasibakhtiari K, Azzouz MA, Rezai EA, El-Saadany EF. Real-time analysis of voltage and current in low-voltage grid due to electric vehicles charging. IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE); 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEGE.2015.7324607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SEGE.2015.7324607
  8. Yunhe Y, Shekhar A, Ram Mouli GC, Bauer P, Refa N, Bernards R. Impact of uncontrolled charging with mass deployment of electric vehicles on low voltage distribution networks. IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ITEC48692.2020.9161574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC48692.2020.9161574
  9. Jiang Z, Tian H, Beshir MJ, Vohra S, Mazloomzadeh A. Analysis of electric vehicle charging impact on the electric power grid: based on smart grid regional demonstration project - Los Angeles. IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA); 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/ TDC-LA.2016.7805675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC-LA.2016.7805675
  10. Zhang Y, Yu D, Zhang G, Wang Hand, Zhuang J. Harmonic analysis of EV charging station based on measured data. IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ICPSAsia48933.2020.9208498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia48933.2020.9208498
  11. Dulau LL, Bica D. Effects of electric vehicles on power networks. 13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering (INTER-ENG 2019); 2019.
  12. Nafi IM, Tabassum S, Hassan QR, Abid F. Effect of electric vehicle fast charging station on residential distribution network in Bangladesh. 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ICEEICT53905.2021.9667870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEICT53905.2021.9667870
  13. Dharmakeerthi CH, Mithulananthan N, Saha TK. Modelling and planning of EV fast charging station in power grid. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345008
  14. Md. Shadman Abid MS, Apon HJ, Khandaker AM, Abid F. Impact assessment of charging of electric vehicle on residential distribution network of Bangladesh. 56th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC50034.2021.9548193 PMCid: PMC8363488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC50034.2021.9548193
  15. Ahmed SI, Salehfa H, Selvaraj DF. Impact of electric vehicle charging on the performance of distribution grid. IEEE 12th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDG51384.2021.9494268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDG51384.2021.9494268
  16. Nour M, Ramadan H, Ali A, Farkas C. Impacts of plugin electric vehicles charging on low voltage distribution network. International Conference on Innovative Trends in Computer Engineering (ITCE); 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITCE.2018.8316650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITCE.2018.8316650
  17. Gaikwad S, Mehta H. Investigation of effects of increasing EV penetration on distribution transformers in Modi Ganpati Area, Pune. IEEE Electric Power and Energy Conference (EPEC); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/EPEC48502.2020.9319915 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EPEC48502.2020.9319915
  18. Geiles TJ, Islam S. Impact of PEV charging and rooftop PV penetration on distribution transformer life. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESMG.2013.6672211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESMG.2013.6672211
  19. Cassano S, Silvestro F, De Jaeger E, Leroi C. Modeling of harmonic propagation of fast DC EV charging station in a low voltage network. IEEE Milan Power Tech; 2019. https:// doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2019.8810969
  20. Awadallah MA, Singh BN, Venkatesh B. Impact of EV charger load on distribution network capacity: a case study in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/ CJECE.2016.2545925
  21. Moses PS, Mohammad Masoum AS, Keyue M. Smedley. Harmonic losses and stresses of nonlinear three-phase distribution transformers serving plug-in electric vehicle charging stations. ISGT; 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ISGT.2011.5759145 PMid:21844693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2011.5759145
  22. Affonso CM, Kezunovic M. Probabilistic assessment of electric vehicle charging demand impact on residential distribution transformer ageing. IEEE International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS); 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ PMAPS.2018.8440211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PMAPS.2018.8440211
  23. Megahed TF, Elkallah MR, Abdelkader SM. Unified power quality evaluation of charging electrical vehicles on electrical grid. The 9th Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG Dublin Online); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1412
  24. Soof AF, Bayani R, Manshadi SD. Analysing power quality implications of high-level charging rates of electric vehicle within distribution networks. IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC); 2021. https:// doi.org/10.1109/ITEC51675.2021.9490166
  25. Dubey A, Santoso S, Cloud MP. Comparative analysis of effects of electric vehicle loads on distribution system voltages. IEEE PES T and D Conference and Exposition; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863339 PMCid: PMC3944611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2014.6863339
  26. Li Y, Crossley PA. Impact of electric vehicles on LV feeder voltages. IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference and Exposition; 2014. 6938961. https://doi.org/10.1109/ PESGM.2014.6938961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2014.6938961
  27. Ahmed A, Iqbal A, Khan I, Al-Wahedi A, Mehrjerdi H, Rahman S. Impact of EV charging station penetration on harmonic distortion level in utility distribution network: a case study of Qatar. IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ TPEC51183.2021.9384952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEC51183.2021.9384952
  28. Álvarez JN, Knezović K, Marinelli M. Analysis and comparison of voltage-dependent charging strategies for single-phase electric vehicles in an unbalanced Danish distribution grid. 51st International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC); 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2016.8114062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2016.8114062
  29. Helm S, Hauer I, Wolter M, Wenge C, Balischewski S, Komarnicki P. Impact of unbalanced electric vehicle charging on low-voltage grids. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Europe47291.2020.9248754 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Europe47291.2020.9248754
  30. IEEE-519-1992-standard-for-harmonics.
  31. IEEE-519-2014-standard-for-harmonics.
  32. Li L, Wang B, Deng Yi. Model establishment and harmonic analysis of electric vehicle charger. 13th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA); 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA.2018.8398076 PMCid: PMC5797075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA.2018.8398076
  33. Slangen T, Bhattacharyya S. Determining the impacts of fast-charging of electric buses on the power quality based on field measurements,” CIRED- The 26th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1989
  34. Di Paolo M. Analysis of harmonic impact of electric vehicle charging on the electric power grid. IEEE Green Energy and Smart Systems Conference (IGESSC); 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGESC.2017.8283460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IGESC.2017.8283460
  35. Megha A, Mahendran N, Elizabeth R. Analysis of harmonic contamination in electrical grid due to electric vehicle charging. Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT). 2020. https:// doi.org/10.1109/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214096
  36. Mohanpurkar M, Krishan R, Panwar M, Vyas S, Slezak L, Rodrigues N, Datta A, Meintz A. Hovsapian R. Enabling Seamless Integration of EV Charging Infrastructure with weak electric grids. IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India); 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ITEC-India48457.2019.ITECINDIA2019-113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC-India48457.2019.ITECINDIA2019-113
  37. Bosak A, Bosak A, Kulakovskyi L, Oboronov T. Impact of EV chargers on total harmonic distortion in the distribution system network. IEEE 6th International Conference on Energy Smart Systems (ESS); 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ESS.2019.8764244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ESS.2019.8764244
  38. Di Domenico D, Obushevs A, Korba P. Investigation of harmonic issues in distribution grids due to high share of electric vehicles. IEEE 61st International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON); 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/RTUCON51174.2020.9316619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RTUCON51174.2020.9316619
  39. Ul-Haq A, Perwaiz A, Azhar M, Awan SU. Harmonic distortion in distribution system due to single-phase electric vehicle charging. 2nd International Conference on Green Energy and Applications (ICGEA); 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGEA.2018.8356277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGEA.2018.8356277
  40. Alame D, Azzouz M, Kar NC. Impact assessment of electric vehicle charging on distribution transformers including state-of-charge. IEEE 61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS); 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.2018.8623966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.2018.8623966
  41. Alame D, Azzouz M, Kar N. Assessing and mitigating impacts of electric vehicle harmonic currents on distribution systems. Energies. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123257
  42. Supponen A, Rautiainen A, Markkula J, Mäkinen A, Järventausta P, Repo S. Power quality in distribution networks with electric vehicle charging - a research methodology based on field tests and real data. Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER); 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2016.7476376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2016.7476376
  43. Kumar DS, Sharma A, Arphaphiphatphong V, Mervyn LJH, Jie NY, Yi NT, Srinivasan D. Power quality assessment of electric vehicles on the distribution networks. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTAsia49270.2021.9715630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTAsia49270.2021.9715630
  44. Fujun Tu, Ruiheng Xu, Dong C, Lijia R, Quanning Y, Yan Z. Research on the harmonic characteristics of electric vehicle fast charging stations. 2nd International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE); 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPRE.2017.8390645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPRE.2017.8390645
  45. Ahmadi M, Mithulananthan N, Sharma R. A review on topologies for fast charging stations for electric vehicles. IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON); 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7753886 PMid:28110680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7753886
  46. Karmaker AK, Roy S, Md. Ahmed R. Analysis of the Impact of electric vehicle charging station on power quality issues. 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE); 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECACE.2019.8679164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECACE.2019.8679164
  47. Xu Y, Xu Y, Chen Z, Peng F, Beshir M. Harmonic analysis of electric vehicle loadings on distribution system. IEEE International Conference on Control Science and Systems Engineering; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCSSE.2014.7224526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCSSE.2014.7224526
  48. Sivaraman P, Sakthi Suriya Raj JS, Kumar PA. Power quality impact of electric vehicle charging station on utility grid. IEEE Madras Section Conference (MASCON); 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/MASCON51689.2021.9563528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MASCON51689.2021.9563528
  49. Li Q, Tao S, Xiao X, Wen J. Monitoring and analysis of power quality in electric vehicle charging stations. 1st International Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC); 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/IFEEC.2013.6687516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IFEEC.2013.6687516